Social Sciences at the Pharaohs

Interested in sociology and the performance of institutions of human societies, and the relationship of individuals to society; factors including social, psychological and economic. And sometimes falls history and the study of human races (anthropology), under the classification of the social sciences. The meeting did not begin the study of science only at the end of the nineteenth century, but scientists and writers since the time of the ancient Egyptians had their observations and their visions of civilizations and societies; and wrote historical events. And understanding of the ancient Egyptians built the first community on the basis of the system and prosperity; obey Pharaoh and the observance of "Maat", or justice and balance. And the ancient Egyptian texts describe the social significance of the rules, principles and standards and their relation to class and rank, and they believe that if the poor received a fortune; you will not be such a blessing and a pond - but a curse and guide the occurrence of the defect.

And the beginning of the Old Kingdom, the teachings and guidelines for ethical conduct and behavior inherited from the pharaohs, princes and ministers to their children; in the form of generally known under the name of "wisdom literature". And provided the basis of those texts advice on how to get to senior positions, and prosperity. It also stimulated the virtues and tranquility, humility, modesty and restraint. In an era of transition (decay) first, the era of unrest, difficult, it seems that the book "the teachings of King Mercara" have been written by Governor was engaged in the transfer of the course curriculum True; despite the pessimism of the natures of treason and treachery among the humans. In the era of the modern state, the clerks usually are the ones who produce the wisdom literature; directed to a broad general audience.

Wisdom literature and served as a guide also mentions a legal manner in which the Pharaohs followed their predecessors in office; from the reality of similar cases. While the law has been issued at the end of the pharaoh, the legal precedent was of particular importance when the ancient Egyptians. Indicate manuscripts relating to judicial cases across several eras, that the records of proceedings (proceedings) may have been kept for long periods of time.

The scribes documented the many aspects of their community; because they needed the information to make them competent administrators. And keep records clerks and short accounts and certificates, inventories, legal documents and data availability to work and wages paid. And includes other documents that were found; regulations and court proceedings and records of private contracts, loans and financial arrangements between spouses, inheritance and taxes. And give the papyri that were found in some pyramids, a list of priests who are offering the service and records, accounts and inventories. As students, the scribes who were copying the texts of varied and were dealing with in this vocabulary with the foreign varieties in trade with the religious feasts; in addition to literary texts, and mathematics.

The ancient Egyptians only a few historical novels. And gives the stone "Palermo", which dates back to the era of the old state; statement kings of the Old and pre-dynastic period, and levels of annual flooding, and the dates of military campaigns and trade missions, and other important events. And began to appear about the Twelfth Dynasty, literary works in praise of kings; is closer to propaganda, including the exact description, and glorify the achievements of the king. The "Law of Tyurin," which dates back to the modern state, a list of other kings.

I have visited "Herodotus" - which some see as the first historian in the world of Egypt in the fifth century BC; described the geography of the nation (population distribution), and the Nile, and a lot of Egyptian antiquities. He also described the ethics and temperament and habits of the Egyptians. In the third century BC by a priest named "Manitou" no history of Egypt, based on old records; was found only a few excerpts from that work.

He wrote the Roman world, "Strabo" of Egypt in his book "Geography";, describing the Romanian government and Romanian military and the Romanian legislation, as well as the social conditions under the rule of "Augustus": around the year 22 BC. The book describes the early Christians beliefs and social customs of Egypt; especially for religion. But that was mainly a tool to expose the falsity, and not as a means to achieve a better understanding of them.

The eminent Muslim scholars cover a lot of topics that relate to the performance of society in Egypt. And describes Maqdisi, scientists from the tenth century; residents and community groups, food, clothing, dialects, trade, currency and political situation in Egypt - among other countries. In the description was intended to be a guide for traders, travelers, and intellectuals; commented on the use of a measure of the Nile in flood levels compared to the previous years, and the low prices of commodities in Cairo. In the fourteenth century left of the Tunisian Ibn Khaldun for his country intending to Egypt; where he spent the rest of his life. Attributed to Ibn Khaldun lead; that was the first scientist to come out - in a systematic, scientific theory about the social, economic, psychological and religious impact on societies and human history.