Ancient Egyptians had the ability to complete sophisticated engineering projects; such as Al-Ahram massive and huge temples, using primitive tools. They developed ways to cut stones and the transfer of massive stone blocks and put them in position of the building. Pyramids were built on a perfectly horizontal base;, aligned with the positions of the stars.
The builders, engineers and construction workers use parts of their bodies as a measure of length. The basic unit is the "arm";, the distance from the elbow to the top of the middle finger. Despite the differences in the size of various body parts of workers;, this system was fine for small projects. The royal cubit, length 5.52 cm (6.20 inches) as the standard for building temples and pyramids; as requiring the greatest accuracy. And use the engineers, surveyors, construction workers, equipment and instruments to observe the stars and orient the structures according to the four directions, and to draw fine lines and right angles.
There are several theories regarding how the ancient Egyptians created the pyramids on a flat base completely. According to Early Egyptologists that the ancient Egyptians were the first cut a network of shallow ditches (surface) in the rock foundation; Gmroha then water, and was still brighter than the increases above the level of "islands" of water; to achieve a flat base rock exactly. The modern belief, he says that the ancient Egyptians were satisfied to ensure the full equator - as much as possible - for the sectors are distributed around the edges of the base of the pyramid.
The massive stone blocks were cut from quarries located relatively close to the construction projects. The limestone quarries are the most common and widespread; areas close to the Giza and Saqqara, Dahshur, and Granite was brought from quarries in Aswan. Stone blocks were planned spaces, including allowing workers to stand. Has not been found so far on the flyers or drilling equipment, but tomb paintings give some information about the techniques used in cutting and polishing boulders (blocks), limestone or granite. Where, workers used copper saws and drills and shovels and chisels and hammers for granite. It was easy to hard rock destruction of brass instruments, but it is believed that the workers were overcome by placing sand in the cracks between the stone and tools; which increases the capacity of the cutting tools, sharp sand crystals.
After the cut, the stones, they were transported by the Nile, above the large wooden barges; then transported to the site on large wooden sledges pulled by oxen or hundreds of workers. The sledges were pulled along a path made slick with a layer of Nile mud or wet sand; making it easier to move heavy blocks. The ancient Egyptians used several different types of runways (Causeways), internal and external to the pyramid; in order to drag the huge stones into place. They probably used levers to move the wooden or bronze.
To raise the obelisks, the largest of which weighed about 500 tons, the ancient Egyptians were the first living Coma (fragments) of high sand or rubble near the site where the obelisk. Then withdraw the needle horizontally to the top of the rubble; with the face of the base foundation. It was built around the foundation stone content box is similar to the Fund; filled with sand. And the needle was withdrawn, in order to stabilize the sand; then the workers begin to remove the sand from the slot at the bottom of the Stone Fund. And unloading of the Fund out of the sand, moving slowly inside the obelisk; even stands.