wedding ring

wedding ring

 
What does the engagement ring and to any age dating? And why the engagement ring on the right and Marriage in the north?
Engagement ring tradition of ancient Pharaonic, and the first to follow this tradition are the ancient Egyptians, and the reason for this is that the money they were dealing with was in the form of rings gold, and put one of these episodes in the finger of the bride shows that the groom has put all his money and everything he owns at their disposal!!
But in the era of the Romans was the bride and groom wearing a ring of flowers on the upside and this is proof they relate to, and then turning the ring to thread a colorful crash on pinkie finger.
When the Greeks said that the origin is taken from an old habit, when he proposes marriage, where a girl's hand placed in the hands of the boy and housing them to register the iron when they came out of her father's house, then riding a horse is moving behind cattle with this bond even reach a marital home!!.
And the story of the marital relationship on the right when the courtship and marriage in the north, are due to hand the right is the right of the Naf by the Covenant, in the case of the engagement of all parties here and one which gave an oath to the other party that they Sertbtan forever.
The tradition of placing a ring on the fourth finger of the left hand in marriage has to do with human barriers extending from the fingers and directly related to the heart, known as human barriers Love "Amores us."
The circular shape is attributable to the time of the Romanian Empire, where the ring was then made of steel to form a symbol of strength and durability, and also the lack of gold in the Covenant, and the circular shape is a continuity and stability of the formulation.
It has been said that the first models, which accounted for a wedding ring was made of two parts relate to by a node, the man provides for his bride the next half loop and keeps to himself the second half, and when you complete the ceremony combines two pieces to complete the bride's wedding ring.
For drilling dates and covenants couples have emerged in the sixteenth century for example, statements "love" and "together forever", etc., and the initials of the names of the couple, and this tradition is still keeping the position until the present day.
And the entry of diamond in some Dubl his own privacy, as the diamond is the stone which is not invincible and a symbol of eternal love, and emerged in some designs to a ring set with three Tai Chi symbol of past, present and future, chronicling the stages of love....

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Women in Ancient Egypt

Women in Ancient Egypt





Unlike the position of women in most other ancient civilizations, including that of Greece, the Egyptian woman seems to have enjoyed the same legal and economic rights as the Egyptian man - at least in theory. This notion is reflected in Egyptian art and historical inscriptions.

It is uncertain why these rights existed for the woman in Egypt but no where else in the ancient world. It may well be that such rights were ultimately related to the theoretical role of the king in Egyptian society. If the pharaoh was the personification of Egypt, and he represented the corporate personality of the Egyptian state, then men and women might not have been seen in their familiar relationships, but rather, only in regard to this royal center of society.

Since Egyptian national identity would have derived from all people sharing a common relationship with the king, then in this relationship, which all men and women shared equally, they were--in a sense--equal to each other. This is not to say that Egypt was an egalitarian society. It was not. Legal distinctions in Egypt were apparently based much more upon differences in the social classes, rather than differences in gender. Rights and privileges were not uniform from one class to another, but within the given classes, it seems that equal economic and legal rights were, for the most part, accorded to both men and women.

Most of the textual and archaeological evidence for the role of women that survives from prior to the New Kingdom pertains to the elite, not the common folk. At this time, it is the elite, for the most part, who leave written records or who can afford tombs that contain such records. However, from the New Kingdom onward, and certainly by the Ptolemaic Period, such evidence pertains more and more to the non-elite, i.e., to women of the middle and lower classes. Actually, the bulk of the evidence for the economic freedom of Egyptian women derives from the Ptolemaic Period.

The Greek domination of Egypt, which began with the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 B.C., did not sweep away Egyptian social and political institutions. Both Egyptian and Greek systems of law and social traditions existed side-by-side in Egypt at that time. Greeks functioned within their system and Egyptians within theirs. Mixed parties of Greeks and Egyptians making contractual agreements or who were forced into court over legal disputes would choose which of the two legal systems in which they would base their settlements. Ironically, while the Egyptians were the subjugated people of their Greek rulers, Egyptian women, operating under the Egyptian system, had more privileges and civil rights than the Greek women living in the same society, but who functioned under the more restrictive Greek social and legal system.

WOMEN'S LEGAL RIGHTS:

The Egyptian woman's rights extended to all the legally defined areas of society. From the bulk of the legal documents, we know that women could manage and dispose of private property, including: land, portable goods, servants, slaves, livestock, and money (when it existed), as well as financial instruments (i.e., endowments and annuities). A woman could administer all her property independently and according to her free will. She could conclude any kind of legal settlement. She could appear as a contracting partner in a marriage contract or a divorce contract; she could execute testaments; she could free slaves; she could make adoptions. She was entitled to sue at law. It is highly significant that a woman in Egypt could do all of the above and initiate litigation in court freely without the need of a male representative. This amount of freedom was at variance with that of the Greek woman who required a designated male, called a kourios, to represent or stand for her in all legal contracts and proceedings. This male was her husband, father or brother.

WOMEN'S PROPERTY RIGHTS:

There were several ways for an Egyptian woman to acquire possessions and real property. Most frequently, she received it as gifts or as an inheritance from her parents or husband, or else, she received it through purchases--with goods which she earned either through employment, or which she borrowed. Under Egyptian property law, a woman had claim to one-third of all the community property in her marriage, i.e. the property which accrued to her husband and her only after they were married. When a woman brought her own private property to a marriage (e.g., as a dowry), this apparently remained hers, although the husband often had the free use of it. However, in the event of divorce her property had to be returned to her, in addition to any divorce settlement that might be stipulated in the original marriage contract.

A wife was entitled to inherit one-third of that community property on the death of her husband, while the other two-thirds was divided among the children, followed up by the brothers and sisters of the deceased. To circumvent this possibility and to enable life to receive either a larger part of the share, or to allow her to dispose of all the property, a husband could do several things:

1) In the Middle Kingdom, he could draw up an imyt-pr, a "house document," which was a legal unilateral deed for donating property. As a living will, it was made and perhaps executed while the husband was still alive. In this will, the husband would assign to his wife what he wished of his own private property, i.e., what he acquired before his marriage. An example of this is the imyt-pr of Wah from el-Lahun. 2) If there were no children, and the husband did not wish his brothers and sisters to receive two-thirds of the community property, he could legally adopt his wife as his child and heir and bequeath all the property to her. Even if he had other children, he could still adopt his wife, so that, as his one of his legal offspring, she would receive some of the two-thirds share, in addition to her normal one-third share of the community property.

A woman was free to bequeath property from her husband to her children or even to her own brothers and sisters (unless there was some stipulation against such in her husband's will). One papyrus tells us how a childless woman, who after she inherited her husband's estate, raised the three illegitimate children who were born to him and their female household slave (such liaisons were fairly common in the Egyptian household and seem to have borne no social stigma). She then married the eldest illegitimate step-daughter to her younger brother, whom she adopted as her son, that they might receive the entire inheritance.

A woman could also freely disinherit children of her private property, i.e., the property she brought to her marriage or her share of the community property. She could selectively bequeath that property to certain children and not to others. Such action is recorded in the Will of Naunakht.

WOMEN IN CONTRACTS:

Women in Egypt were consistently concluding contracts, including: marriage and divorce settlements, engagements of wet-nurses, purchases of property, even arrangements for self-enslavement. Self-enslavement in Egypt was actually a form of indentured servitude. Although self-enslavement appears to have been illegal in Egypt, it was practiced by both men and women. To get around the illegality, the servitude was stipulated only for a limited number of years, although it was usually said to be "99 years."

Under self-enslavement, women often technically received a salary for their labor. Two reasons for which a woman might be forced into such an arrangement are:

(1) as payment to a creditor to satisfy bad debts;

(2) to be assured of one's provisions and financial security, for which a person might even pay a monthly fee, as though they were receiving a service. However, this fee would equal the salary that the provider had to pay for her labor; thus, no "money" would be exchanged. Since this service was a legal institution, then a contract was drawn up stipulating the conditions and the responsibilities of the involved parties.

In executing such an arrangement, a woman could also include her children and grandchildren, alive or unborn. One such contract of a woman who bound herself to the temple of Saknebtynis states:

The female servant (so & so) has said before my master, Saknebtynis, the great god, 'I am your servant, together with my children and my children's children. I shall not be free in your precinct forever and ever. You will protect me; you will keep me safe; you will guard me. You will keep me sound; you will protect me from every demon, and I will pay you 1-1/4 kita of copper . . . until the completion of 99 years, and I will give it to your priests monthly.'

If such women married male "slaves," the status of their children depended on the provisions of their contracts with their owners.

Mathematics at the Pharaohs

The ancient Egyptians built their system on the basis (10), and used only for the hieroglyphic signs of (1) and the number of multiples (10); such as (100), (1000). And the marks were repeated to demonstrate the complications of those numbers;, much like the Roman system of numbers.

The texts that register, or learn, the steps sports; an important source of information about ancient Egyptian mathematics. It contains some remnants of papyrus on the scales were used to calculate the fractions or to convert weights and measures. Papyrus and recorded "Ryand," a papyrus roll about 15 feet long and has written about 1660 BC, the dozens of questions sports; and answers. The fascia contains most of what is now known about the mathematics in ancient Egypt. They show that ancient Egyptians had mastered arithmetic, and developed equations to solve problems Bmjhol and unknown. They also knew the kinds of simple arithmetic and geometric sequences, were used fractions.

The ancient Egyptians knew addition and subtraction, as they knew multiplication and division; using the system to double to get the answers. They were also aware of the roots of quadratic, and calculate the area of the triangle. And used to calculate the area of a circle close to the value of the firm (i). And knew also a kind of primitive engineering; and may have known the theory of Pythagoras: As I was able to draw an arc.

In the Greco - Roman Architecture Learn the ancient Egyptians Pythagoras, Plato, and Iochled. The ancient Egyptians developed mathematics, in order to provide practical solutions to real problems. Fastkhaddmwa mathematics; in the measurement of time and the high waters of the annual flooding of the Nile River and the calculation of land areas and count the money and determine taxes. The mathematics is necessary in the service of complex engineering work to build the pyramids. And use the shop owners and chefs simple math calculations; in March, while priests and priestesses mathematics is more complicated: as well as Supervisors act on the workers and builders, surveyors, engineers, tax collectors.

PICTURES OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN GODS

Universal Meaning of Celtic Knotwork
In the spring of 2003, I spent three weeks in the city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, located in Southern India. Each morning, walking before the heat of the day, I was amazed to see intricate knot work patterns drawn out free hand with flour in front of the driveways and gates of homes. These artistic scrolls, I was told by an Indian friend, were offerings to local gods, and were part of a tradition that stretched back into the ancient past. I have seen knot patterns in my travels throughout many parts of the world. In Islamic countries where iconography is prohibited, the mosques are heavily decorated with knot-like patterns. Stone-carved knot work motifs can be found on ruins from the Americas to the Hindu iconography of Bali, Indonesia. In Tibet, the eternal knot is a common symbol representing the endless cycles of existence. The knot work most familiar in the West is from Celtic iconography. Though the Celts, before the Roman Empire, were spread throughout much of Western Europe, were most familiar with their designs remaining today in England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. On the moors, surrounded by winding rock walls and ancient neolithic bridges, this knot work carved in stone transcends time. We know from the writings of the Romans that the Celts believed strongly in the sacredness of place. Similar to the beliefs of many in South India today, the land anchored a particular god or goddess that was meant to be honored, though we do not know whether the knot work designs were made as offerings. The broad spectrum of knot work designs found in many cultures suggests that the motif is both universal and rooted in ancient mystery. From the most general perspective, knot work iconography can be viewed as a metaphor for our own unique tapestry of experience. On a macrocosmic level, the knots express metaphorically that life on earth is deeply interconnected, as illustrated in the Spider Womens web or the Great Hoop of Life in Native American stories. As one Native woman told me, if you move a pebble on top of a mountain, you can change the course of a mighty river. This is also expressed slightly differently in the Biblical aphorism, We reap what we sow, which is similar to the Eastern understanding of karma. Even physics today speaks of a unified field. Yet it is also true that individual elements of knots hold specific meaning from the perspective of sacred geometry. Look around you at different geometric forms. Why is the earth, our eyes, the trunks of trees circular instead of square? How does the circle function in the world verses the triangle and what does that mean in terms of knot work that uses circular patterns? Here are a few hints to help you with these blueprints. We speak of a circle of friends and live in circular cycles, such as the day and the season. Native cultures throughout the world hold ceremonies in protective circles. A knot work pattern with circles or variations of circles certainly has some important keys to relationships and community. A square knot motif concerns structure and stability, which is why buildings use the shape of a square foundation. Numerology has always played a part in ancient cultures and there are many books on the subject. The number five, for example, represents the four directions and the center point, or the five senses. We also often see knot work shaped like an oval, which is the shape of an egg. The oval has something to do with generative creativity and birth. Planets circle the sun in an oval. And if you squeeze an oval together you get the lemniscates, the symbol for infinity which is very prevalent in knot work motifs. Many knot work motifs also deal with vectors that travel in a certain direction. If you look at the shape of an arrow, its easy to understand why a triangle might connote movement. Another common motif is the knot work depicting a trinity. In the Celtic tradition, many deities had three forms. The Mother Goddess was understood to the maiden, mother and crone. The universe was viewed as heaven, earth and otherworld. We are born, we live and we die. Certainly the trinity knot also illustrates the One being dividing off into the masculine and feminine, or the mother and son-- a mystical truth contemplated in many sacred traditions. The cross is also a symbol rich in meaning. From a simple point of view, two lines crossing symbolizing a connection or meeting which can be a point of creativity. Some mystics speak of the horizontal axis representing the earthly plain, while the vertical axis points toward the heavens. While the above guide for understanding knot work is not necessarily based on any scholarly or anthropological text on the meaning of knots, it does provide a starting point that is based on a universal perspective. Most knot work designs are going to have some variation of these shapes. Spending time contemplating the motif may yield some insight. Lastly, theres an essential reason why the knot work is so prevalent, and that is beauty. I will never forget Jaisalmer, an ancient town in the desert of Rajasthan. This ancient city, where caravans used to stop and trade, is made from sandstone. Many of the buildings are carved with intricate knot work patterns. Strangers walked up to me and said, How do you like our beautiful city? I could see clearly how art is life-giving and the need for beauty is something fundamental. In the middle of the desert, the beautiful knot work in golden stone brings joy to the heart. Contributed by:
Marc Choyt
2005, Marc Choyt
Email: marek@celticjewelry.com
Website: www.artisanweddingrings.com
About The Author: Marc Choyt graduated from Brown University in 1984 with a degree in English. In 1995, he received an MA degree in Humanities from St. John's College. In 1996, he and his wife, Helen Chantler, founded Reflective Images, a designer  jewelry company specializing in contemporary Celtic jewelry. http://www.celticjewelry.com Please send email requests to marek@celticjewelry.com .
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The Children in Ancient Egypt

The life of children in ancient Egypt is very crucial because their life style is not well designed. The children in ancient Egypt is very well in their studies; they attend the school between the ages of three to fifteen. Both girls and boys are showing interest to attend the classes, both of them studied well. The education for the ancient children is in the form of mathematics, and teachers are interested to teach the mathematics. The skills like reading and writing are very improved even though there is lack of facility. Children are showing interested in various field, especially doctor field is very much liked by the children.

Some of the students show their interest on writing religious story, novels, and etc. many Egypt story are still in the practice, many religious writing explains the habit, habitat, environment, politics, agriculture, transport facility in ancient Egypt. Some children like to play games like wrestling, fighting, swimming in the river. The regular practice of Egyptian is son carry the father job when he turned to fifteen years age. Whatever may be the father’s job it should be given to the son, the jobs are like government jobs, temple jobs, and etc. girls in the ancient Egypt are turned to teach cook, household activities.

After the finishing the school, girls are compulsorily involved in the household activities. If the girl’s age is crossed 25 then she have the rights to get the fathers job, and also she have the rights in the father’s property. The marriage of the ancient Egypt is very different than other regions because they married at young. The average for the men to marriage is fifteen years and the average age for the girls to marriage is twelve years. The average life of the ancient Egyptians is forty, their life very short compare to others. The children are selecting their partner, ore lover in the age of fifteen

 

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Ancient Egypt & Ancient Egyptians - Culture and Life

If you have never read about the people and life during the ancient Egypt, then you are missing many interesting facts. The people and life during the ancient Egyptian times is very different from the lifestyle you and other’s have. Within this article, we are going to give you a run through of the ancient Egyptian people and life.

In order to gain a full understanding of the people and life during the ancient Egypt, archeologists have been looking into different sources. The archeologists have found the sources that are the most valuable are the reliefs, tomb paintings and objects that could found in the tombs. These objects are what the ancient Egyptians used in their daily life. The documents that the ancient Egyptians composed are shedding some additional light on the people and life during the ancient Egyptian times. However, remaining obscure is the day-to-day running of the Egyptian households.

What archeologists have discovered is the father was the one responsible for providing for the family. The mother is the one who watched the household and cared for the children. The Egyptian children did have toys and liked to play, but most of the children spent their time preparing themselves for adulthood. As an example, the peasant children spent a lot of their time with the parents working in the field; privileged children would often get a good formal education in order to be army officers or scribes.

Ancient Egyptians did have furniture, but it was a simple design. The most common furniture the ancient Egyptians used was a low stool. All of the ancient Egyptians used this low stool, even the pharaoh. The stools were nothing special in today’s world, they were made out of wood and had woven rush or leather seats. Most of the kitchens had cylindrical, backed clay stove. In the ancient Egyptian ages, they stored their food in wheel-made pottery. The basic cooking equipment the Egyptians used was a saucepan pottery that had two handles.

When looking at pictures of both men and women during the ancient Egyptian ages, you see both the men and the women are wearing jewelry. The jewelry consists of bracelets, anklets, earrings, beaded necklaces and anklets. One cannot fully describe what they looked like wearing this jewelry, but one word would be beautiful. The Ancient Egyptians had superstitions; therefore, their jewelry had amulets, which were good luck charms

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